Importance of Literature Essay Example for Free

Importance of Literature Essay There are a lot of things that come to mind when a person hears the word literature. Usually, one thinks of a book, story, classical work or some variation of the aforementioned but to ask someone to define the term literature, proves to be a much trickier task. Many are stumped when asked this question. People often answer by giving examples of literary works but fail to actually give an encompassing definition of the term. Welcome to the world of Webster (Dictionary that is). Websters Dictionary defines the term literature as the body of written works of a language, period, or culture. This definition seems be broad but continuing on in the definition there was one part that really stood as a more adequate representation of what literature is about. The definition reads as follows; Â…the body of written work produced by scholars or researchers in a given field. This particular definition seems to hit at the core of literature; scholarship and specialization. Some feel that that all written works are forms of literature. I contend that a true work of literature must be written by a person who has studied a given field (specialization) and produced a work that allows the reader to gain some form of a lesson or viewpoint (scholarship), whether agreeing with the writer or taking an opposing stance of the information set fourth in the work. This is not to say that these types of works do not have any entertainment value but they have a type of entertainment that wraps the lesson, argument or viewpoint in an engaging style rather than being force-fed the authors stance. A true work of literature should evoke some form of discussion on the works main point. A work of literature needs all of the above, not only to be called a true work of literature but to also cement its place in history, which is the last piece of the puzzle when defining the term. Literature stands the test of time and can be discussed by great grandchildren as well as great grandmothers and all those in between. This all goes to say that the importance of literature is its ability to connect  a community known as the human race. Classical works of literature have been translated so that all human beings can share in a great piece, even being translated to an audio, so that those who can not read will not be stopped from participating in the act of community that literature provides. It is amazing that even though some might not share the same culture as others, they could start a discussion around a piece of literature. The literature in this instance acts as a unifier rather than just a book or story, thus proving the power of literature and the overall power of the written word. A true work of literature must have scholarship, specialization, a unifying human element and an entertaining delivery in order to stand the test of time. The points mentioned above give literature criteria on which to be compared. The importance of literature goes far beyond just having a good read. Literature possesses an intangible that can have a great impact on peoples lives. Great works of our time have brought nations together, stopped feuds, healed wounds, and have even taught humans how to be human again. Literature is extremely important and necessary to the growth of this world and for a creation of a global society.

Joe Keller in All My Sons Essay -- Arthur Miller

How to Make Joe Keller Look Bad KELLER: Say, I ain’t got time to get sick. MOTHER: He hasn’t been laid up in fifteen years. KELLER: Except my flu during the war. MOTHER: Huhh? KELLER: My flu, when I was sick during†¦the war. MOTHER: Well, sure†¦(to George) I mean except for that flu. (George stands perfectly still) Well, it slipped my mind, don’t look at me that way. He wanted to go to the shop but he couldn’t lift himself off the bed. I thought he had pneumonia. GEORGE: Why did you say he’s never-? KELLER: I know how you feel, kid, I’ll never forgive myself. If I could’ve gone in that day I’d never allow Dad to touch those heads. GEORGE: She said you’ve never been sick. MOTHER: I said he was sick, George. George: (going to Ann) Ann, didn’t you hear her say-? MOTHER: Do you remember every time you were sick? GEORGE: I’d remember pneumonia. Especially if I got it just the day my partner was going to patch up cylinder heads†¦What happened that day, Joe? In the above lines, Arthur Miller pulls back the veil that has been hiding Joe Keller’s past in All My Sons. Not only are these lines critical to the remainder of the play’s events, but many of the characters also switch emotions almost instantly. With the significance and delicateness of these lines at stake, a director has the responsibility of conveying the language to the audience with only a few pre-existing stage directions as aid. One major way to convey these lines is to remain consistent with how he/she is portraying each character to make them still feel convincing to the audience. If directed effectively, Joe Keller’s departure from all prior characterization will be even more noticeable. In addition to other possibilities, the... ...l be no happy ending. The chaos George brought into Act II will only magnify after this speech. This section is in essence, the loss of stability in the Keller family. Keller is reduced to a shell of his former self as the audience takes on the beliefs of Chris through the remainder of the play. This scene will hopefully result in frustration towards Keller so that his â€Å"You’re a boy, what could I do!† (Miller 2.646) speech does not merit much pity. We realize that although Keller was misunderstood, he lived a lie too long. At the play’s end, this scene acted from my viewpoint should give the audience the feeling that even though Keller’s suicide is tragic, it is these lines that killed him. Works Cited Richardson, Gary A. and Stephen Watt, eds. American Drama: Colonial to Contemporary. Cambridge. MA: Heinle & Heinle Publishers, 2003.

Required Qualities Of An Effective Business Leader Essay

Introduction An effective leader is a leader that employees are willing to follow and respond positively to. Terry Leahy, who is the chief executive of Tesco, defined a good leader as someone who takes you further than you would go on your own. Also, a good and effective leader will often have a new vision if the situation needs to be changed and everyone will follow him. Surveys and studies have shown that effective leaders around the globe share the same few traits and same goes for the ineffective ones. So, what are the qualities required in order to become effective business leaders? Characteristics of an effective leader First of all, an effective leader will have undoubted self-confidence in himself. It is the fundamental basis from which leadership grows. A leader without self-confidence is just like a house without foundation of sand. An effective leader will not be afraid to make any decisions. If you, as a business leader, intend to build your self-confidence, you should learn to live with failures. When you have made a mistake, you should learn from it and move on, so that if comes a day when you are met with the similar obstacle, you can face it head-on because you already have experience on how to deal with it. Furthermore, the ability to think outside the box and creativity is also required by an effective leader. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates are good examples of the great leaders of our time. Both these men lead their group with extraordinary leadership qualities, plus out-of-the-box creative minds. Leaders should stimulate creativity for two very important reasons, to prevent obsolescence and increase productivity. An effective leader will always come up with new ideas so that the business won’t be obsolete and the changes may make the work of higher quality, lower cost and faster completion. EQ Truly effective leaders are also distinguished by a high degree of emotional  intelligence, which includes self-awareness, self management, social awareness and social skills. It was Daniel Goleman who first applied the concept to business. These qualities may sound â€Å"soft† and unbusiness-like, but Goleman found direct ties between emotional intelligence and measurable business results. It is the ability of managers to understand their own emotions, and those of the people they work with, to achieve better business performance. Therefore, effective leaders should possess high emotional intelligence. Motivational theories In addition, an effective leader must have a thorough knowledge of motivational factors for others. Being a role model is one of the key motivators that influence people in reaching their goals. A leader should set a good example to ensure his people to grow and achieve their goals effectively. He can also refer to Herzberg’s two-factor theory. Herzberg suggested emphasizing recognition, responsibility, growth and other motivators if leaders want to motivate people. However, to become an efficient leader, you must be self-motivated. You must know your identity, your needs and you must have a strong urge to do anything to achieve your goals. Once you are self-motivated, only then you can motivate others to achieve their goals and to harmonize their personal goals with the common goals of the organization. Leadership styles On the other hand, a leader should know what leadership style is appropriate to be used. Different situations will need different leadership style. There are 4 distinct leadership styles, which are autocratic, democratic, paternalistic and laissez-faire. Autocratic leaders like to make all the important decisions and closely supervise and control workers. Managers do not trust workers and simply give orders that they expect to be obeyed. This approach derives from the views of Taylor as to how to motivate workers and relates to McGregor’s theory X view of workers. This approach has limitations, as highlighted by other motivational theorists such as Mayo and Herzberg, but it can be effective in certain situations. For example, quick decisions are needed in a company or controlling large numbers of low skilled workers. A democratic style of management will put trust in employees and encourage them to make decisions. They will delegate to them the authority to do this and listen to their advice. This requires good two-way communication and often involves democratic discussion groups, which can offer useful suggestions and ideas. Managers must be willing to encourage leadership skills in subordinates. The ultimate democratic system occurs when decisions are made based on the majority view of all workers. However, this is not feasible for the majority of decisions taken by a business- indeed one of the criticisms of this style is that it can take longer to reach a decision. This style has close links with Herzberg’s motivators and Maslow’s higher order skills and also applies to McGregor’s theory Y view of workers. Paternalistic leaders give more attention to the social needs and views of their workers. Managers are interested in how happy workers feel and in many ways they act as a father figure. They consult employees over issues and listen to their feedback or opinions. The leader will however make the actual decisions in the best interests of the workers as they believe the staffs still need direction and in this way it is still somewhat of an autocratic approach. The style is closely linked with Mayo’s Human Relation view of motivation and also the social needs of Maslow. The laissez-faire leadership style is also known as the â€Å"hands-off† style. It is one in which the manager provides little or no direction and gives employees as much freedom as possible. All authority or power is given to the employees and they must determine goals, make decisions, and resolve problems on their own. This style could be effective in the case of research or design teams. In other cases, workers may not appreciate the lack of structure and direction in their work. Financial & non-financial motivators Other than just the theories of motivation, there are also the actual motivations in practice. These motivators are categorized into two specific  groups, which are the financial and non-financial motivators. Financial motivators in forms of payments are of primary importance in most workers’ views and very few people would be prepared to work without financial reward. Effective business leaders should be able to distinguish the type of payment that suits his workers the best, so as to bring out the best in them by application of that financial reward. A few examples of payment methods would be the hourly-wage rate, which pays by the hour, the piece-rate system, which is wages given on every product produced and performance-related pay, a bonus scheme to reward staff for above-average work performance. As the saying goes, ‘one man’s meat is another man’s poison’. This means that not every worker can be effectively motivated by financial rewards. Like what critics have commented on Taylor’s theory that money is the best motivator, the question hanging in the air is; is it sufficient to generate effective motivation? There are other forms of motivations which don’t involve money, termed non-financial motivators. These are enhancements of the workers’ tasks, like having job-rotations, job-enrichments or delegation and empowerments to the workers. Job rotations are usually applied in factory production as the tasks of workers tend to be monotonous all-year round and rotating their jobs will allow them to have a wider variety of tasks instead of doing the same one all the time while delegations give employees the sense of having some form of authority which would increase their responsibility and hence would be more focused on what they do. It is vital for an effective leader to have the knowledge that no one thing can cater to everyone’s preferences. Management functions In addition, a leader should also know what managers are responsible for, which are known as management functions. The most commonly cited functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling, although some identify additional functions. An effective leader is aware that  leading and managing are two poles apart, and being good at either of them does not make him an effective leader. Instead, the leader must be adept at both managing his personnel and leading them along the right track. Ethical decisions Every leader from big or small companies would unsurprisingly face the dilemma of making ethical decisions in the midst of keeping their business running. The growing acceptance of corporate social responsibility has led businesses to adopting an ‘ethical code’, which is a document detailing on a company’s rules and guidelines on staff behaviour that must be followed by all employees. An effective leader would possess the ability to make ethical decisions that takes into account the interests of all members and are within moral dimensions. Traits or drawbacks of an ineffective leader All the characteristics mentioned above are the ones employees hope to see in their leaders. There are, inevitably, also some traits that no worker would want to find in their employers, like lack of integrity. These are also the leaders that don’t walk the talk by setting up standards of behaviour and expectations, then violating the rules themselves. Business leaders should do whatever is possible to get the company up and going, and when a leader is resisting good ideas with the addition of having tunnel vision, the organisation gets stuck. A business also does not need a leader that would run people over. This crushes any worker’s spirits and if this approach is used as a matter of routine, then it is likely to alienate many members of the team. Lastly, taking credit for everything. An effective leader gives credit where credit is due and even though it’s not in the form of financial rewards, everyone appreciates a pat on the back for a job well done. When a leader has this knowledge in his mind, he will help boost the company’s performance as workers feel appreciated and the great sense of belonging. Wrapping this up, there is a plethora of qualities that are required of an effective leader but amongst all the positive traits provided, my personal choice of the most significant quality that an effective leader should be endowed with is high emotional intelligence because the imperativeness of drawing the line between personal life and work is indescribable and without it, a leader might lash out at his workers due to problems in his personal life or even bringing out personal vendettas toward a particular employee.

Discuss Why Scale And Resolution Are Important For Your...

Concepts and Philosophies Discuss why scale and resolution are important for your dissertation research Scale can be a confusing definition in geography with its multiple referents. â€Å"Scale is about size, either relative or absolute, and involves a fundamental set of issues in geography. Scale primarily concerns space in geography. However, the domains of temporal and thematic scale are also important to geographers. Temporal scale deals with the size of time units, thematic scale with the grouping of entities or attributes such as people or weather variables. Whether spatial, temporal, or thematic, scale in fact has several meanings in geography.† (Montello, 2001) .The definition of resolution on the other hand is more straight†¦show more content†¦from soil sample to cantena to catchment or watershed. The problem with this is that generalisations made at one level or scale does not always hold at other scales. Sampling can be done at the regional scale with sampling the sediment load at mouth of river to estimate catchment erosion. Scale and resolution are very important for dissertation research as they help monitor the environment via measuring cross sections with stratigraphic logging, this is not trying to control realist but still interfering. An act of measurement is always considered an act of intervention. There is less control over variables in final based experiments such as erosion plots, but still want to replicate variability present in reality. However there are scaling issues – strict scaling of materials and forces cannot be applied. Experiments (laboratory and numerical) are the most extreme form of intervention: †¢ Selected variables and relations †¢ Controlled and maintained †¢ Magnitude and frequency compared to real world The implications of reality, are to provide â€Å"what if† scenarios where manipulation of reality at sufficient scale is not possible. Channel-Hill slope Integrated Landscape Development (CHILD) model, this Computes time evolution of a topographic surface z(x,y,t) by erosion (fluvial, hill slope) and sediment transport. 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And to the talented and approachable lecturers and staff on the Chester MBA programme. 2 Abstract The research project setsRead MoreA Case Study of Performance Appraisal26392 Words   |  106 PagesMOONEY A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Chester for the degree of Masters of Business Administration CHESTER BUSINESS SCHOOL December 2009 1 Acknowledgements To my beloved wife Lesley, and children, Liam, Shaun and Hannah, who tolerated my regular withdrawals from normal family life throughout my MBA studies. And to the talented and approachable lecturers and staff on the Chester MBA programme. 2 Abstract The research project