Asian Pacific Multinational enterprises in the Global Economy

Asian Pacific Multinational enterprises in the Global Economy Introduction The growing trend in the globalization of trade across the world has influenced the manner in which organizations are growing towards the international paradigm. According to Ahearn (2011), current statistics indicate that the global economic power is gradually shifting from developed economies, including Europe and the United States, to fast growing economies especially the Asian Pacific nations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Asian Pacific Multinational enterprises in the Global Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Asian Pacific nations have developed exponentially over the years with multinational corporations characterized by intense business activities influencing the global economy (Ahearn, 2011). Led by China and Japan, countries within the Asian Pacific Zone are increasingly attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) that contributes to growth in the world economy. Apart from accelerating ec onomically, many of the Asian nations are investing, procuring, and operating new multinational businesses across the world (Bennett, 2002). However, the power of Asian Pacific multinational corporations in the global economy remains underestimated. Hence, this essay seeks to examine the influence of the Asian Pacific multinational corporations on the international economy. Asian Pacific Multinational Corporations Among the fast-emerging market economies, it is essential to understand the major countries in the Asian Pacific zone that significantly influence the growth of the global economy through trade (Nigam Su, 2010). China, Japan, Taiwan, and Korea are among the major players in the Asian economy, and their multinational corporations are diverse across the world. Asian pacific multinational corporations influence the global economy through their trading activities that are exceptional. According to Pananond (2007), the Asian Pacific corporations have unique business strategies , business practices, business aims, and management techniques that significantly influence their international economic power. When considering their direct contribution to the global economy, multinational corporations from the Asian pacific zone have different business strategies compared to their counterparts, which are European and United States (Ahearn, 2011). Types of businesses, industrial practices, business investment techniques, technology, trading policies and regulations, innovation approaches, management behaviors, and corporate operations of the Asian Pacific companies differ from their potential business rivals. Chinese Multinational Corporations China is among the fastest growing economies within the Asian Pacific zone, which is currently contributing to the transformation of the global economy through its expanding trade and manufacturing practices (Dee, 2006). China is growing economy and economic powerhouse that continues to attract millions of international inve stors in the business segment, and its corporate firms dominate the global business paradigm.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chinese multinational firms augment investment practices across Europe and within the United State; hence, increasing global corporate growth (McGrew, 2008). China has different targets, strategies, business practices, and corporate policies that differ from their trade and business counterparts, European and United States. China has domestic business policies renowned by both the private and public sector, which influence its contribution to the international economy (McNally, 2013). China’s corporations contribute significantly to its internal economy and international economy, understanding of their influence on economic growth is essential. In few years, Huawei technologies seems to dominated multinational networking and telecommu nications sector, and has contributed to immense economic growth for China. Strategies of China and Chinese Corporate Practices China and its corporate practices are unalike from their rivals, an issue that contributes to their influence on their economic growth and that of other nations like the United States (McNally, 2013). Chinese corporations follow their national trading and business practices that have their basis on the idea of state capitalism in marketing strategies. While the United States and Europe support the notion of establishing organizations that enhance socioeconomic well-being, China is reemerging as a powerful and dynamic supporter of state capitalism. McNally (2013) states that, â€Å"China represents a hybrid that is now the leading form of refurbished state nationalism† (p. 5). Several Chinese multinational corporate organizations operating within China, the United States, and Europe are practicing their businesses following the state capitalism model. Using the state centered-planning in controlling Chinese trade and multinational Corporations, the practice of state capitalism enables China to conquer the international trade boundaries (McGrew, 2008). Although Chinese capitalism attracts controversial discourse, the model significantly influences the global economy. Chinese state capitalism serves the modern trends in the globalization efforts, with its multinational corporations contributing significantly to competition within the global markets (McGrew, 2008). Many of the Chinese multinational corporations are private organizations serving through state corporate policies with their main aim being the maximization of profits from the international markets. China’s spirit of capitalism puts multinational corporations into the global front through influencing market trends, balancing economies, enhancing trading, and influencing global financial markets. Through state capitalism that influences the operational behavior of many Chinese multinational firms, business policies in China seek to promote low-cost investments in major industries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Asian Pacific Multinational enterprises in the Global Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Akin to other East Asian forerunners, China’s multinational corporations use programs of government, which are well-subsidized investments in major leading business industries (Dee, 2006). The capitalism of Chinese multinational firms focuses on enhanced exportation and suppressed domestic utilization of homemade products, purposely to encourage the maximum profit making, promote high savings, and increase investment rates. China’s capitalism pushes for the creation of a solitary international capitalist economy where multinational corporations organize business productions and control marketing. According to McNally (2013), â€Å"China’s capitalism, t hus, has assimilated multi-firm, multinational global production and knowledge networks† (p. 5). Through subsidized investment in leading industries including telecommunication, gas, and oil, China’s multinational corporations push for foreign direct investment (FDI). China has frequently attracted FDI from leading western multinational corporations, since its domestic economy has become a fundamental component of the western-based economies (Pananond, 2007). China’s multinational corporations have manipulated the inward and the outward FDI rates, with foreign companies investing in China and China’s firms investing across the world. The approach of intensified export of homemade products, oppressed consumption of homegrown products, and frustration of imports of major industrial products enables China’s multinational firms to control major global markets (Dee, 2006). Compared to the western multinationals that emphasize on the consumption of their homemade products, balance exportation and transportation, highly emphasized intellectual property rights, China’s multinational firms foster capitalism. Chinese multinational corporations are sensitive to international labor markets and demands across the world. Considered as an unethical leadership, Chinese multinational corporations have been utilizing different labor standards that the Western and American companies feel are unjust (Walsh Zhu, 2007). Market capitalism utilized by the Chinese corporations does not promote excessive utilization of labor. As opposed to the European and American companies, China discourages high labor turnover within its multinational organizations, as a means of enhancing profitability and reducing operational costs. Chinese multinationals believe that effective marketing systems should govern labor and capital markets not only through managing market-related issues, but also through coordinating labor trends (Collinson Rugman, 2007).Adver tising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chinese multinational encourage laborsaving strategies and low labor turnover to avoid excessive expenditure on wages and maintenance of employment. Employee retention and attraction of highly skilled labor at cheap recruitment standards normally assists Chinese multinationals in managing wage bills. Korean multinationals and the Western/American Corporations As an emerging economy, Korea has also been very practical in utilizing outward direct investment (ODI) that influences its economic power. Multinational corporate practices and policies utilized by most of companies from the East Asian countries are normally similar, with the aspect of capitalism practically eminent (Ghemawat, 2003). The Korean government encourages its functional firms to venture abroad to acquire new technologies and skills. Korea is among the Asian economic powerhouses with increasingly flourishing stock markets, direct foreign investment, and strong foreign business influence being the foremost aspects of its enhanced economy (Ghemawat, 2003). Korean firms operate differently from their European and American multinational counterparts, a central factor that makes Korea a giant economy within the Pacific Asia. For the Korean multinational corporations operating within Europe and America, knowledge sharing relationships, enhanced technological networks are major management and business operation strategies utilized (Ghemawat, 2001). Akin to its Asian counterparts, Korea’s public policies on international trade practices and ODI play a significant role in multinational businesses. Korea’s influence on its multinational corporation trading practices greatly influences the economic trends across the continents. The government of Korea encourages multinational corporations to engage in ODI through more risky investment strategies, rather than depending intensely on government funding (Ghemawat, 2001). Aggressiveness in these firms frequently increases ODI, which further influ ences global economic growth. Korean multinational corporations emphasize on broad international market research that normally seeks to improve their market penetration strategies across the world (Ghemawat, 2001). In addition, Korean firms have well-established research institutions within their companies that complement the acquisition and sharing of market information. Supported by enhanced information technology that Korea has ventured into, multinational corporations established within Korea, and around Europe and America are flourishing in global markets. The business nature of global information capitalism enables Korean firms to conquer the global economic sphere (Narula, 2006). While the European and the American corporations have specialized in the domestic research to identify the needs of their own population, Korea and other Asian states have built interest in potential markets across the world. Similar to the Chinese corporate strategies, Korea utilizes the corporate a nd state capitalism approach for their multinational corporations, with their products, utilities, and services targeting developing economies especially in Africa (Narula, 2006). Venturing into new investments within emerging and underdeveloped economies significantly helps Korean and other Asian corporations in maneuvering competitive global markets. The business practice of such kind also enhances economic growth as it improves the state of developing economies and international trade links between nations (Nigam Su, 2010). As opposed to the western and American states, many multinational corporations of these nations normally emphasize on settling the demands of the domestic market, most of which developed long time ago. According to Nigam and Su (2010), this business practice normally contrasts the strategic management practice, which should always focus on utilizing new market opportunities and encouraging contemporary innovations. Since economic crunches have intensified in the contemporary era and many governments have failed to recover from financial crisis, civilians are relying on cheaply designed products that favor their immediate conditions (Nigam Su, 2010). Korean and several other Asian multinational corporations seem to have utilized the growing opportunity for economically favorable electronic, telecommunication, and technological products (McGrew, 2008). While the American and European firms raise concerns over the failure of Asian countries to respect global trading policies, including disproving intellectual property principles, Korean firms are intensifying ODI. Many of the European and American multinational corporations dealing with major industrial products have undermined markets in the third world, while the Asian multinational utilize these markets. Coupled with government policies that seem strictly follow the World Trade Organization (WTO) regulations, Western and American multinational corporations fail to capture growing marke ts in developing economies (McGrew, 2008). By emphasizing on new investments abroad, rather than exploiting on domestic opportunities like the American and Western multinationals, Asian multinationals occupy enormous global market share. Multinational Corporations of Japan The strategies employed by multinational organizations from Japan, Hong Kong and Taiwan are relatively similar to those utilized by their fellow Asian counterpart, but very different from those used by the Europeans and Americans (Brown, Rugman Verbeke, 1998). The main economic power of the Asian countries comes from their ability to venture in leading industrial commodities that include electronics, machinery, telecom, and other technological devices. Although Japan has not intensified direct outside investment as compared to China, multinational corporations that deal with leading industrial products find export-oriented strategy as a crucial international corporate practice (Wu, 2008). Japanese companies devel op highly demanded industrial products and emphasize on exports and foreign markets located within both developed and developing economies. Critical emphasizes and specialization of automotive products that are in constant demand across the world gives Japan a unique commodity-based competitive advantage over the Western multinationals (Wu, 2008). While most of the multinational corporations from America slacked in the production of machinery and automobiles during post-financial crisis, Japan maintained. Japan has been trading on the notion of unique technology, which rarely prevails in the Western and American multinational corporations, and this presents its corporations with a unique opportunity to survive in these heavily competitive markets (Brown, Rugman Verbeke, 1998). Apart from simply acquiring investments around the Western and American premises, Japanese corporate organizations realize that integrating unique technological network is essential to maneuver in these compe titive markets. Technological upgrading, a strategy of many Japanese multinationals enables them to triumph easily through the developing economies across Asia, Africa, and within developed economies (Ghemawat, 2001). Lately, Mitsubishi Corporation is Japanese main source of automobile innovation, with the company seeking to shift from old technologies and integrate green technology. This approach enables Mitsubishi gain international attention as automotive companies seek to replace fuel guzzlers in the car market. Compared to their fellow counterparts in the United States and Europe, innovation and utilization of talented workforce that is technologically suave, is a competitive advantage for many Japanese firms. Canon, Mazda, and Sony are major international firms that originated from Japan, while Toyota and Nissan are spreading across the developing economies, including the vastly growing Africa (Brown, Rugman Verbeke, 1998). Although limited to expanding and exploring opportun ities that emerge specifically within Asia, campaign on intensive utilization of export-led strategy among Japanese multinational firms is becoming eminent, with exportation of leading brands and commodities being crucial. However, Japanese export success does not rely on any commodity produced on counterfeit production, but depends on specific, few, and recognized industries that are renowned for bringing significant economic impact (Wu, 2008). The few essential sectors promote most of the outward FDI and are responsible for the globalization of the Japanese economy. While the few sectors in the Japanese firms manage to internationalize the country towards the global economic sphere, Japanese firms also balanced their role within their domestic markets (Bennett, 2002). This is in contrast with many of the American and Western multinationals, which focus on exploring and utilizing regional home market rather than international competitiveness. Japanese multinational corporations hav e emphasized on management techniques that understand the imperativeness of appreciating international differences within developed and developing nations (McGrew, 2008). Through such management techniques, Japanese firms have been introducing commodities that suit each market economically and culturally. Across the world, with models and designs of these products produced, Japanese multinational corporations like Mitsubishi corporations, rely on the economic ability of the targeted consumers. Japan international firms produce an assortment of highly valuable electrical, automobile, and telecommunication commodities, while considering the cost and ability of the targeted markets (Narula, 2006). When these firms export expensive products to America and Europe as their seasoned potential markets, they also consider developing markets that require relatively low-priced products. A perfect corporate case is Mitsubishi Corporation that has influenced automobile business in developed econ omies including the United States and across the United Kingdom. Japanese Mitsubishi Corporation has also extended its operations to developing nations including those in the African continent. Conclusion Government policies, firm aims, corporate operation practices, and management practices across Asian countries differ from their rivals across the Western economies and America. The business intentions and practices are different in their approaches, as Asian multinationals use different trade and business strategies compared to American and Western multinationals. Contrary to most of the Asian economies, multinationals from Western and American states utilize home based markets than foreign direct investment, with production and investment in Asian companies utilizing export strategies. China, Korea, Taiwan, and Japan are all endlessly seeking international triumph through exploration of new markets in emerging economies within the second and third world nations. While American an d Western nations utilize high labor turnover in most of their multinational organizations, Asian multinationals utilize low-wage labor and emphasize on employee retention. Asian countries have welcomed free trade across their nations, but with flexible regulations governing trading polices and principles. References Ahearn, R 2011, Rising Economic Powers and the Global Economy: Trends and Issues for Congress. Web. Bennett, J 2002, ‘Multinational Corporations, Social Responsibility, and Conflict’, Journal of International Affairs, vol. 55, no.2, pp.393-410. Brown, L, Rugman, A Verbeke, A 1998,’ Japanese Joint Ventures with Western Multinationals: Synthesizing the Economic and Cultural Explanations of Failure’, Asian Pacific Journal of Management, vol.6, no.2, pp. 225-242. Collinson, S Rugman, A 2007, ‘The regional character of Asian multinational enterprises’, Asia Pacific J Manage, vol. 24, no.1, pp. 429–446. Dee, P 2006, Multination al Corporations, and Pacific Regionalism. Web. Ghemawat, P 2001, ‘Distance still matters: the hard reality of global expansion’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 79, no.8, pp. 137–147. Ghemawat, P 2003, ‘Semi-globalization, and international business strategy’, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 34, no.2, pp.138–152. McGrew, A 2008, Globalization, and global politics. Web. McNally, C 2013, How emerging forms of capitalism are changing the global economic order. Web. Narula, R 2006, ‘Globalization: new ecologies, new zoologies, and the purported death of the eclectic paradigm’, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, vol. 23, no.3, pp.143–151. Nigam, R Su, Z 2010,’ Climbing up the Performance Ladder: A Conceptual Framework for Emerging Country Multinational’, International Journal of Business and Management, vol. 5, no.4, pp.13-25. Pananond, P 2007, ‘The changing dynamics of Thai multinationals aft er the Asian economic crises ‘, Journal of International Management, vol.13, no.1, pp. 356–375. Walsh, J Zhu, Y 2007, ‘Local Complexities and Global Uncertainties: A Study of Foreign Ownership and Human Resource Management in China’, the International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol.18, no.2, pp. 49-267. Wu, J 2008, ‘An Analysis of Business Challenges Faced by Foreign Multinationals Operating the Chinese Market’, International Journal of Business and Management, vol. 3, no.12, pp.169-174.

2000 Presidential Election Reactions †Political Science Essay

2000 Presidential Election Reactions – Political Science Essay Free Online Research Papers 2000 Presidential Election Reactions Political Science Essay After viewing both Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election and Searching for the roots of 9/11, Ive come to many realizations as to how politics may have an effect on my life. Witnessing both videos, as well as, personal reflection has driven me to wonder the likelihood of my future ballots being counted, how natives of other countries will view me, as well as, how I myself view my own country. As one of the newest members on the delayed entry program for the United States Army, I need to put serious thought into all three issues. A new concern for my future voting ballots has arisen ever since the scandals of the 2000 presidential election. This year I will be able to vote at the polls, but I fear that in my future, while in the army, I may have to vote using many absentee ballots. Judging by the number of absentee ballots that was never accounted for in the 2000 election, it forces me to wonder whether or not my ballot may also be overlooked when it comes time to decide the next president. I would like to think that as a soldier of this country, my vote would be an essential voice for the masses, as well as, for the country I am deployed to. We are not only voting for ourselves, but for others across the globe. This leads me to my next major issue. Another concern of mine is what the natives of other countries, particularly in the Middle East, might think of me, as a soldier, after our own reactions to 9/11. It would make the lives of our heroic soldiers much safer if the natives of other countries thought of them as heroes as well. We cannot be the only ones worldwide to think we are doing what is just and right. To achieve this would prove to be extremely difficult, but if everyone, inside and outside the US, would be more open-minded to other cultures and even perhaps sympathetic towards their needs, then wed be well on our way. Global peace must first be presented by example, and that will become possible when the foundations of our country (ie: the citizens) are not shaking with doubt. My own beliefs for my country have recently gone through questioning due to recent US actions following the 9/11 attacks. I for one, am all for patriotic beliefs and attitudes. Yet there is, and always has been, a fine line between patriotism and racism. We can ill afford showing the world that we have no care for their needs and cultures. Thinking we are superior to all others because of our economic and political stature is not only wrong but an open invitation for all others to resent us. As the only superpower, if any, in the world, we must stand as examples and helpers to those in need of assistance. Looking poorly on others and turning the other way because it does not effect us is naivety at its best. The conclusions I have come to after viewing both eye opening films should be evident not only to myself, but others should be as enlightened as I have. All future voters must show some concern for their ballot if they truly wish to ensure their say in the future president, we must also be sensitive to those natives of all foreign countries, as well as, truly re-evaluating whether or not our country is in the right, or the wrong. Research Papers on 2000 Presidential Election Reactions - Political Science EssayAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeQuebec and CanadaCapital PunishmentHip-Hop is ArtThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Remote sensing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Remote sensing - Essay Example 239) have defined the remote sensing as a field of science or art that makes use of energy reflected from the Earth that is later processed, evaluated and applied in order to assist one in retrieving information regarding the surface of Earth without physically having to be on it. Sun is the fundamental source of energy for all the creatures on earth. Sun rays falling on earth are partly reflected which are captured by the satellites for generating information. The first condition without which, the process of remote sensing can not take place, is the provision of electromagnetic energy as waves to a specific place or to a study area. Although there are many electromagnetic energy sources, yet the sun is fundamentally the best source of energy. Basically, the energy travels from a source to a target through a medium or vacuum. When it comes to the earth, the energy interacts with the atmosphere, and this interaction gets repeated when the energy is reflected from the study area to the sensor. After the electromagnetic waves have passed the atmosphere from some source, they interact with the study area. This interaction depends on the characteristics of the study area and also on the electromagnetic radiation sent to it. After the electromagnetic waves interact with the study area, part of them is absorbed and the rest is reflected back to the space. Recording and collecting the reflected electromagnetic waves requires a special type of sensor which is familiar with the reflective waves. The last step of this operation is to understand, disclose and apply the information that has been retrieved from the study area. The problem can be solved by conducting its comparison with the real information. In 1864, the British physicist Clark Maxell predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves and supposed that the magnetic and electric fields work together to produce radiant energy. In addition to that, he described the visible light to be composed of

Analysis of the Beatles Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of the Beatles Music - Essay Example The music had an elaborate and riff introduction that naturally sticks in the head, fascinating and eye catching title, and enough breaks that enable the listeners to examine the tone, focal points, and key message of the song. In addition, this music was inspiring with a dramatic ending that leaves one desire for more, as well as, gets the feeling of satisfaction. According to Lennon, this music was composed to be on the hit parade. The song was composed in the standard style that is evident in most of the bands catalog. In essence, this style encompasses verse/verse/bridge/verse. Moreover, the band opted not to include solo of any kind in the song (Lennon, pg15). Moreover, they did not include repetitions of the final verse or the bridge common in their songs. This is because they understood that this style could have created an ineffective and prolonged mood. In essence, this could have extended the two and a half tenet for the pop song in the early 60s. Notably, the start of the song is characterized by the four bar introduction that debuts their exceptional riff played by the legendary John on harmonica, while guitar played by George. The beetle are the songwriter and they did this song well by arranging their introduction on their original song (Everett, pg12). This can be attributable by the fact that Harrison played the riff repeatedly during the rehearsal of this song.

Management in the news Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management in the news - Article Example Mr. Orr was brought in as an emergency manager to control the spending in the city. He was brought into the city after a successful search initiated by the State’s governor. His role was to develop appropriate plans to help address the financial emergency that was declared on Detroit city. He would also be responsible for negotiating labor contracts and sell city assets. On the contrary, some people on the council were against his appointment because he was not elected. 3. I agree with the governor’s move to higher an emergency manager because the city had failed in its mandate. In fact, the manager met the mayor to coordinate and help resolve the resolve the financial issues the city faced. There were also leaders who were optimistic that Orr’s success would mean that everyone succeeded. As a result, Orr resigned as a partner in the law firm he was working to serve as an emergency manager. 4. The outcome of the eventuality led to protests because of the implantation of the emergency laws on Detroit city. Their sentiments were that they did not play a significant role in electing emergency managers as other leaders in their city. It also meant that the manager would sell the city’s assets voluntarily without the people’s consent. Williams, Corey. Kevyn Orr, Detroit Emergency Manager, Extends Olive Branch To City Council. Huffpost Detroit, 25 March 2013. Web. 6 April 2014.

Using early warning scores in acute illness assessment

Using early warning scores in acute illness assessment This Assignment is in two parts. Part one will describe how I undertook a literature search on my chosen topic of using early warning scores in acute illness assessment. From this initial search and review of the literature I will select six articles and present them in an annotated bibliography. The purpose of this first part is to demonstrate my literature searching skills by identifying a suitable nursing topic and the key words I will use for my search. It will also demonstrate I can identify different types of literature sources like primary research studies, systematic reviews, narrative reviews, audits and general articles written about the topic I have chosen. . The second part of this assignment will identify a research based article from the six articles I have selected. Part one Topic: Using early warning scores to assist the nurse in identifying patient deterioration in acute illness Key words: cute care- Critical care- early warning score- vital signs Data bases searched: Cinhal; British Nursing Index Number of articles/ literature sources = 402 Six articles were chosen as follows: Article 1. Mohammed, MA (2009) Improving accuracy and efficiency of early warning scores in acute care. British Journal of Nursing. 18(1) 18-24 This article is a report on an experimental study to compare the effectiveness of hand held early warning computer system with the traditional pen and paper method Article 2. Johnstone C, Rattray J and Myers L (2007) Physiological risk factors, early warning systems. British Association of Critical Care Nursing. 12(5) 220-231 This article is a general article that provides background information on the topic of why early warning systems can improve patient care Article 3. Preston R M and Flynn D (2010) Observations in acute care; evidence based approach to patient safety. Britsh Journal of Nursing. 19(7) 442- 461 This is a narrative review of the literature on different issues affecting acute illness assessment and patient safety conducted by nurses in acute care. Article 4 Odell M (2009) Nurses Role in detecting deterioration in ward patients- a systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 65(10) 1992-2005 This article reviews primary research studies that were conducted between 1992 and 2006. Article 5. Hughes LL (2009) Implementing a patient assessment framework in acute care Nursing Standard 24(3) 35-39 This article describes a service improvement initiative to improve patient assessment using an early warning score system over a4 month period at a Hospital in Birmingham Artcicle 6 Wheatley I (2006) The nurses practice of taking level 1 patient observations. Intensive Critical Care Nurse 22(2) 115-21 This was a survey conducted to discover the nurses practices of taking clinical observations in acute settings. It uses an observation data collecting tool (words 470) Part 2 Critique of one article Wheatley I (2006) The nurses practice of taking level 1 patient observations. Intensive Critical Care Nurse 22(2) 115-21 Introduction The aim of this critique is to identify the stages of the research process in the above article by Wheatley (2009). According to Preston (2010), being able to critically read research based literature is an important skill in reviewing literature sources that are presented in all academic assignments. This activity is an opportunity to examine the strengths and weakness of a research study in relation to the research process steps ( Priest et al, 2007). The critique will consider the nature of the survey approach to research and to compare this to how Wheatley (2006) designed his project. As this article reports on a survey research study using an observational method, it is important to examine the key features of this research design. Therefore the strengths and weaknesses of the research process featured in this article will be discussed. This will include an appraisal of the sample size; data collecting tool and process of collection, the research findings and their relevance to nursing practice. This article reports on a survey type study that utilises an observation data collecting tool. According to Pollit and Bek (2010) surveys are used widely in health care research and are effective for examining a wide number of problems. In this article by Wheatley (2006), the survey is used to discover what nurses actually do when they conduct clinical observations in a medical ward setting. The aim and research questions he identified in the article are clearly written and follow a positivistic, deductive paradigm that is appropriate in a quantitative research study of this type (Gerrish and Lacy, 2006). According to Lobiondo-Wood (2010) a positivistic paradigm considers that what can be seen can be measured. The findings are always presented in number formats. In this article Wheatley (2006) is using an observational tool to view the conduct of nurses undertaking clinical recording of vital signs. This tool would have been structured so that identified behaviours could be investiga ted. Although the data collecting tool was not presented in the article it is clear from the discussion that the tool set about to observe the accuracy of nurses recording blood pressure, temperature, respirations and pulse. The tool also identified which nurses undertook this activity and the time that they took to complete a set of observations for each patient. Priest et al (2006) identify that all researchers need to plan their research studies on a sound review of the literature underpinning the research problem. According to Pollit and Bek (2006) the literature review will provide background information on the problem and will identify what research has already been conducted. In this article Wheatley has presented a review of the literature and it is clear that he has based his study on similar studies conducted in the past. His reference list provides a selection of different literature sources and includes 46 sources that are clearly focused on recording vital signs and 2 on research methodology. This clearly indicates that Wheatley (2006) has structured his study on a sound review of the literature. The sample size in a survey research study has to follow the nature of the quantitative, positivistic approach (Pollit and Bek). This means that the sample size must be large enough to represent the general population it is representing. In this article, Wheatley (2006) has reported on observing 20 cases of nurses conducting observations. This is a very small sample size and statistically would not be considered a positive representation of a good research plan to have such a small for a survey project. However, Wheatley (2006) clearly identifies the limitations this posed to his study and explained that the small sample size was a convenience sample that was appropriate for his planned study. According to Polit and Bek, (2010) a convenience sample is acceptable as it represents the whole population. In this case, Wheatley (2006) has included all the nurses who work on one ward and found that in 18 out of 20 occasions he observed, it was the machine that dominated the recording of pa tients vital signs and that the time nurses spent with the patient was dependent on how long it took the machine to do its job. In 16 occasions, nurses did not record the respiratory rate even when 4 patients were showing signs of respiratory distress like dyspnoea or coughing. Therefore, although 20 in a sample is not considered viable for a survey type project, the use of a convenience sample (Pollit and Bek, 2006) in this case, provides the reader with a strong indication that there are problems in how nurses undertake clinical observations as part of their acute illness assessment. However, for this finding to affect a change in future nursing practice more research using larger sample frames would be useful. The data collecting tool and how data is collected in a study (Priest et al, 2007), is also another important step to appraise in a report on a research study. In this article, Wheatley (2006) has designed an observation tool using structured observations that included time taken to record vital signs; which nurse undertook the assessment (ie qualified or HCA); whether a machine or hand/touch methods were used to record pulse and respirations in particular; how vital signs were recorded on the observation charts. According to Polit and Bek (2006) a good research paper will show the reader how they structured their data collecting tools. In this article, it is clear to see what was observed by carefully examining the graphs and table charts Wheatley (2006) presented in his findings section. At the top or bottom of each chart he writes what behaviour/activity was recorded in his findings. For example, one chart on page 117 has the title which nurses performed the observations and you c an see that of 20 only 2 observations were carried out by a qualified nurse. The other 18 were conducted by the HCA. What Wheatley doesnt do however in his article is consider if being observed in this study changed the nurses behaviour. Polit and Bek (2010) note that in observation studies bias can occur through the Hawthorne effect. This is an effect noted to occur when people realising they are being watched change their behaviour during that process. However, there is no indication this happened here and one can assume therefore, that the behaviour Wheatley (2006) observed was what would normally be expected in patient observation activities. When appraising research papers, Ryan et al (2007) say an important step in this process is to review how well the researcher has presented his findings. In this article Wheatley (2006) has utilised descriptive statistics in a clear format that is easy for the reader to understand. He has used descriptive statistics to convey the findings in simple percentage and number format. For example, it is clear to see that most observations are carried out by HCAs (n =18 or 90%). When numbers are expressed like this it clearly indicates the power of that finding (Polit and Bek, 2010). Another important finding is that in 4 cases nurses failed to record the respiratory rate even when patients were struggling to breathe. Although this is a small percentage (ie n = 4 / 20%), it is worrying to note that any nurse would fail to record the respiratory rate when a patient is clearly showing signs of distress. From these findings, Wheatley (2006) concludes that qualified nurses must take responsibili ty for taking and reviewing how vital signs are recorded in acute care settings if patient safety is to be safeguarded at all times. Overall, the article by Wheatley (2006) is a good example of a research project using a survey method approach to study. Despite noting a small sample frame that could indicate a bias to how the findings can be appraised, it is felt the findings are generally credible and should be appropriate to both inform nursing practice and promote patient safety in acute illness assessment. The steps of the research process are clearly identified throughout the article that demonstrates the researcher has understood how a survey research study should be competently planned for and undertaken and reported on. (TOTAL 1870 WORDS)

Mattel Essay -- essays research papers

1) What was Jill Barad’s primary goal for Mattel in 1996? What strategy did she choose in order to pursue these goals? Answer: The primary goal of Jill Barad for Mattel was to increase earning per shares by 15% per annum compounded before the effects of any acquisitions. The following are the 4 elements of her strategies: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Continue with the highly profitable practice of extending the company’s existing brands (e.g. she had plans to further develop a line of collectible Barbie dolls); 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Develop new product categories, particular in boy’s toys and board games where Mattel had traditional been weak. It could be accomplished through internal product development or by acquiring an emerging company and then growing its business through further investments. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Expanding overseas market sales to more than 50% of Mattel’s total; 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost reductions by outsourcing production to low-cost foreign factories in places such as China. 2) Why did Barad’s strategies fail to generate the profit growth she had planned? Could better planning have helped Barad anticipate market trends? Answer: The following are the number of problems that had stymied Barad’s strategies: l  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parents were buying fewer toys and shifting their spending to computer software and video games for their children; l  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Parents were shifting the spending ...

The Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller – Linda

Ms. Woods ENG 252 Sec 400 October 29, 2012 Linda – A Pillar of Strength and Balance In the Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller My question for discussion is what I think of Linda, the wife of Willie Lohman in the play â€Å"uk/expressionism-and-realism-in-death-of-a-salesman/">The Death of a Salesman†. This is my response. I feel that Linda is the strongest character in the play. Everyone around her has major issues, her sons and her husband. Even in the reflections of the past her brother-in-law had his issues – greed being one of them. She represents stability, goodness and balance in this story.She can be looked at as the foundation of this family, like most strong women. This story takes place in the 1940’s when the environment or way of living was the woman stayed home and tended to the family and the husband was the provider. And we also have a male dominated, sort of male chauvinist society at that time. So being that the man was the provider, a ma n had a sense of being the King of his home. Because of this general idea, it reduced the importance or view of women and their roles. Meaning a woman’s role was less than important because the man was King.Therefore, we see the questionable, forceful and harsh tones that Willie uses sometimes when speaking to Linda which can be interpreted or misinterpreted in different ways. And when this happens we see Linda back down or just close her mouth. But it also should be noted that Willie is losing everything around him, at home he feels that is the only place he can control what is going on. Then we see Willie’s dementia coming to a serious level of illness. This is not mentioned in the story but we see something wrong with Willie’s mental state.By the evidence given in the story, we can conclude many things – guilt, dementia, pressure and stress or just getting old and not wanting to face it. We are not given a reason for this deteriation. But it is evident by the reflections Willie has and how he is stuck in the past and/or stuck in a fantasy that something very deep is going on. This story is very male dominated with the symbolic theme of women are just extra’s. We hear this thru Willy Jr and Biff. They don’t seem to respect women either. Thru out the story no one seems to listen to her, her sons and neither Willie her husband.Linda is a faithful wife, playing her role. She stands and supports her husband. You never hear her say a bad word about her husband other than him being sick. She knows what’s wrong but I don’t think she knows how to handle it. At a time when medically no one really knew about mental illness, I think she viewed it as stress driven. Willis has been reduced at his job, he doesn’t want to face he’s getting old and his sons not being productive are just a few issues that contribute to the unrest in this household.She tries to explain to her sons what is going on but the f act that Willie probably was traveling salesmen for a long time and has been away so much that he has no real relationship with his son’s. Therefore they feel no pity for him, especially Willy Jr. who lost faith in his father a long time ago. So part of them being worthless and non productive can be contributed to not having their father around while they were growing up. So they do not have any attachment to him or what is going on with him nor does Willie Jr. care because of what he discovered when his father was having an affair.They only have attachment to their mother, Linda. She loves her boys regardless and her husband but she feels her duty first is to her husband. We also conclude that Linda does not know about the affair Willie had nor does she know that Willy Jr. knew about it. All she knows is the relationship between big Willie and junior Willy has been severely altered. Clinging to the suspicion that Willie (husband) is suffering from mental deterioration she wa nts to do whatever it takes to let him just grow old gracefully and peacefully, even if it means turning her back on her children.This is not to be taken as rejection or meanness because they are grown and are not contributing anything positive to the situation or conditions that are evolving. That is evident when they leave Willie in the bathroom at the restaurant and he suffers a severe breakdown and they don’t even come back to check on him. I feel that when she unloaded on her sons and voiced all the truths that were said is her finally being fed up with all the confusion going on around her. She is fighting to stay strong, guide and stay dedicated to her husband while moving all negatives out of the way.That is a sign of strength and dedication. This is symbolic of how she is truly the foundation and the balance of this family. Willie is losing control of everything, his job, his mind, his finance, his pride, his youth, etc. and Linda sees all of this. Thus his harsh tre atment of her I do not feel is meant to hurt her. Remember a woman’s value in this era is reduced so she has no voice, no say and she abides by that. But in today’s time we would consider that disrespectful. I am considering the era of this story.But Linda stays strong and is always positive. Willie does realize he loves his wife and she loves him because at the end before he leaves to commit suicide he sends her to bed because he knows she would try to stop him from going out. And he knows she would do that out of love for him. Even though in his mind he sees this as a way of taking care of her and his sons. So in conclusion, the question remains do I believe that Linda was a dishrag? No I do not. Linda was the epitimy of a good wife, supportive, grounded, sacrificial and wise.She knew when to back down and when to be strong and speak out. She held Willie together as long as she could, until it was out of her hands. As she stated at his grave site, she truly did not u nderstand how deep Willie’s issues really were. Thru all the symbolism of this story, good and bad (the sons), rich and poor (the environment and Willie’s associates), young and old (his reflections back to his younger days) Linda was the central figure in this story representing neutrality, balance and humbleness.

The Essential Onion in French Food Inspired a Key Idiom

The Essential Onion in French Food Inspired a Key Idiom Onions are an essential part of French cooking. If you want to give any dish  a French twist, cook it with wine, lots of butter and shallots (du vin, beaucoup de beurre et des à ©chalotes). So let’s talk French onions. The French Word for Onion is 'Oignon' Although the spelling is weird, the French pronunciation is quite close to the English. The word begins and ends with a nasal on sound, thus the â€Å"oi† is pronounced like on.   N’oublie pas d’acheter des oignons s’il te plaà ®t. Don’t forget to buy onions, please.D’accord, j’en prends combien? OK, how many should I get?Prends en deux moyens, ou un gros. Get two medium-size ones, or one large one. Different Types of Onions in French If you enjoy cooking, knowing the types of onions used in French cuisine  will come in handy. There are many different cultivars, and the names vary depending on the region, for example l’oignon rose de Roscoff (the pink onion of Roscoff), l’onion dorà © de Mulhouse (the golden onion of Mulhouse). Size and shape will also differ according to the type of onion and region. Here is a list of common onion-related terms. Ive included garlic because I thought cooks might find this useful. Un oignon (blanc, jaune, rose, rouge):  Ã‚  a (white, yellow, pink, red) onionUne tà ªte d’ail:  a head of garlic (Note that the pronunciation of â€Å"ail† is irregular; it sounds like â€Å"eye† in English.)Une gousse d’ail: a clove of garlicUne à ©chalote: a shallotUne cà ©bette and un petit oignon vert: scallionLa ciboule:  spring onionLa ciboulette:  chive The French Idiom 'Occupe-toi / Mà ªle-toi de tes Oignons' This famous idiom is still very much in use  in French. It means: â€Å"Mind your own business.†Ã‚  There are some variations relative to how this is expressed, but all mean the same thing: â€Å"Mind your own business.†Ã‚  One variation uses les fesses: The word â€Å"les oignons† is a familiar term for â€Å"les fesses† (buttocks) due to the onions round shape. The resulting expression â€Å"Occupe-toi de tes fesses,† while a bit vulgar, is also quite common. Another variation is Mà ªle-toi or Occupe-toi de tes affaires, which is an exact translation of Mind your own business. Alors, c’est vrai ce que j’ai entendu? Tu sors avec Bà ©atrice maintenant?So is it true what I’ve heard? You’re going out with Beatrice now?Mà ªle-toi de tes oignons!  Mind your own business! And for French food lovers, perhaps the most famous French specialty that relies primarily on onions is  la soupe loignon.  A real  French  dà ©lice!

Eternal Love Through Death Essay Example

Eternal Love Through Death Essay Example Eternal Love Through Death Paper Eternal Love Through Death Paper Essay Topic: Keats Poems and Letters Love, being one of the most debated topics in literature, often serves as a source of inspirations for many of writers and poets, including John Keats. Throughout his life, he wrote countless love poems and letters, addressing his lover – Fanny Brawne. The star, apart from being the symbol of steadfastness and constancy, it is also a metaphor representing Keats himself. Through Keats’ idea of â€Å"Mansion of life†, the poem is consisted of two floors where the first floor displays his passionate love for Brawne while the second floor talks about his inner desire for death. Keats first expresses his ideal, however paradoxical love. There are two essential yet conflicting qualities in this poem – the reality verses the ideal and the immortal verses the mortal. On one hand, he would like to be like a star, steadfast and unchanging. On the other, he dislikes the solitude of the star as it has to watch â€Å"the moving waters† and â€Å"the new soft-fallen mask/Of snow† from afar like a â€Å"sleepless Eremite†. He continues to state that if he â€Å"has to live ever†, he would rather â€Å"pillow’d upon my fair love’s ripening breast†. The ideas to be eternal and to love simultaneously do not go hand in hand. To love, one has to be human and therefore not an immortal, steadfast star. In the last line of the poem, Keats acknowledges that he would like to â€Å"live ever† in love, but he has to be human in order to experience love, which hints that the love between Keats and Brawne will not last and will eventually fade away as time goes by. The other possible alternative to immortalize their love is â€Å"swoon to death†. One of Keats’ letters from 3 May 1818 to Fanny Brawne echoes the idea of â€Å"swooning† and it says â€Å"†¦I love you; all I can bring you is a swooning admiration of your Beauty. †(Poet.  org) This can be interpreted that he wants to die while experiencing intense, ecstatic love or according to the letter, overwhelmed by her beauty. While I was reading Bright Star, I could not help but catch the similarity between Keats and Shakespeare’s idea of love. In the opening of Shakespeare’s sonnet 116, Shakespeare talks about his ideal love and marriage. Keats, being a reader of Shakespeare, is in some way affected or inspired by him. Shakespeare describes love as an â€Å"ever-fixed marks† that â€Å"is never shaken† even in the wildest storms. Keats transformed Shakespeare’s â€Å"ever-fixed† into steadfastness. Keats then moves on to talk about a more sexual and sensuous love. With more explicit descriptions of â€Å"my [his] fair love’s† body parts, those descriptions hint the idea of sex and orgasm. He imagines himself â€Å"pilliow’d upon my fair love’s ripening breast†. The word â€Å"ripening† gives a notion of youth, implicating that the lady is young and energetic. Keats also describes the rising and falling of her chest when she takes her â€Å"tender-taken breath†. If he could, he would â€Å"so live ever†. However, it is impossible to live forever and the only solution would be â€Å"swoon to death†. Keats did not explicitly tell the readers what it means to be â€Å"swoon to death† and leave us a lot of room for imaginations. The word â€Å"swoon† and other erotic images of the lady’s body parts bring us to the subtext of the poem – sex. La petite mort is a French idiom or euphemism for orgasm, meaning little death. According to Oxford Dictionaries, â€Å"swoon† means â€Å"to enter a state of ecstasy or rapture†. Whether he intended to talk about sex at the end of the poem is still indefinable as we have no idea of what Keats was thinking when he wrote the poem. Though Keats did not write any overly sexual poetry, there is always a strong erotic indication in many of his works. If the sexual subtext is intended in the poem, I believe that it creates a nice denouement to the poem. Keats’ obsession with death and his love for Fanny are intertwined seamlessly throughout the poem. In one of his letters, he states â€Å"I have two luxuries to brood over in my walks, your loveliness and the hour of my death† (Poet. org). Not only is Keats intimidated by death, to some extent he is also intrigued by it. Even though he is worried about the approaching death, to him the promise of death is comforting and soothing. The only resolution to achieve the paradoxical ideal of being eternal as well as experiencing love is death. Through death, immutability and steadfastness can be achieved. Keats has seen many people died in his lifetime. His father died when he was eight; his mother died from tuberculosis when he was 14; his brother Tom died also from tuberculosis when he was 19. Along with his family’s deaths, he has also seen a lot of patients died as he was also a medical student. Therefore, constantly seeing people die in a way reminds him of the transience and the mutability of life. There are some religious references in the second quatrain of the poem. All these references, other than conveying the loneliness and the solitude of the star, also illustrate his longing for the promising death. The poem was written in 1819, the same year when Keats contracted with tuberculosis. The word â€Å"ablution† is heavily loaded with connotations, both religion and about death. From the Oxford Dictionary, â€Å"ablution† refers to the washing or cleansing of the body†. In Christianity, there are different forms of ablution and one of them is the preparation before the burial of a dead person. Here Keats is hinting that his death is near and the priest will cleans his body after his death with â€Å"the moving waters†. Further Keats also mentions the â€Å"soft-fallen mask/Of snow† in the following two lines. Seasons always act as symbols of different stages of human life in literature. Spring refers to birth or new beginning; summer means maturity; autumn represents old age while winter symbolizes death. In line 7-8, with â€Å"the mountains and moors† covered in snow, such explicit image suggests that death is approaching. Though death is coming, Keats is not browbeaten. Yet, he is fascinated with death as it helps him to accomplish the co-existence of eternity and love. Bright Star is a poem that can be read on many different levels. To me, the poem is not merely a declaration of his ardent love for Fanny Brawne. It is also an expressive lyric poem addressing his awe as well as obsession with death. The main themes of the poem are smoothly woven together and this showcases Keats’ expressiveness and his wit. Keats, John. Bright Star. n. d.  poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/21012

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Management - Essay Example Fourthly, the company works to enhance the quality of the products through offering different cuttings and also renders potential information to the consumers in regards to different product characteristics. Fifthly, the company conducts effective after sales service and, thus, helps the customer’s to contact through phone and mail. Sixthly, the order delivery time is well scheduled and also calls for refund within a period of one month if not satisfied with the quality of the diamond. (b) The company becomes able to render high quality diamonds and fine jewelry at seemingly competitive prices owing to the advantage of its potential supply chain system, the strategy involved in reducing the cost of operations and the mode of technology used. Inventory holding cost is reduced by the company with also the gaining of orders from the suppliers when the customer finally has made the order. This helps in reducing the ordering cost. Technology used in the diamond company is both trad itional and modern, coupled with outsourcing activities conducted. This helps in reducing the cost of operation and, thus, renders low cost diamonds to the customers. (c) The process of educating the consumers on the quality and features of the product helps the company in adequately maintaining effective customer relationship with the people. Thus, through this process the company can work in enhancing the brand awareness in the larger market and in highlighting on the parameters of transparency and trade ethics thereby helping in consumer retention (Thompson and Eastburn, 2010, p.127-130). Question #2 – Google (a) I certainly would have bought the stock of Google for the company reflects an appreciation in its stock level by 18 percent during 2004. The appreciation of its stock level also shows the mass appeal for the initial public offering of the company and gain the different parties to the stock ownership of Google also reflect significant gain in profits. Thus, it woul d not be a wrong decision in moving over to purchase the stocks of Google. (b) Definitely, Google is one of the important and influential companies of the early twenty first century in that the company is continuously innovating on its search engine features by introducing key elements like online books, maps, social networking features like orkut and other blogging sites. This introduction of new elements, thus, attracts large number of visitors to its site also surpassing You Tube by revenues worth $200 million during 2007. The search engine also renders commercial advantages through its Ad-word initiative, thus, covering every aspect of internet usage in the modern world. Again, Google also tends to enter the mobile technological interface through the use of Android technology helping users to use Google via their handsets. (c) The corporate culture of Google reflects a different culture from the other corporate firms operating in the United States. It is found that the work cult ure at Google rests on employee empowerment and an adequate teamwork environment where the people are not measured on the basis of their individual actions. People are encouraged to help in boosting the system of innovation in the company and in spending their time on operations rather than involved in long hour meetings. Dependence on the company on their employees’

Children asthma Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Children asthma - Research Paper Example Children with acute exacerbation of asthma are frequently seen in out-patient settings and emergency rooms. They are administered bronchodilators like albuterol to cause relief of symptoms. Albuterol is administered either through metered dose inhalers-spacer or jet nebulizer. Metered dose-inhaler spacer is an efficient and useful method of delivering albuterol for bronchodilatation. It delivers the drug quickly and can cause effects in few seconds. Delivery of the drug can be optimized using suitable mask. On the other hand nebulization is also an effective tool to deliver the drug. It is however cumbersome and needs atleast 15 minutes for one dose administration. The most commonly used delivery systems for asthma are nebulizers, dry-powder inhalers and metered dose inhalers with or without spacers (Smith and Goldman, 2012). In children less than 5 years of age, it is not possible to generate adequate inspiratory inflow and hence, effective use of dry-powder inhaler devices is not p ossible. Whether to use metered dose inhalers or nebulizers in acute exacerbation of asthma in children is a much debated topic. The main advantage with nebulizer is that the drug can be delivered even without the cooperation of the child. However, during this mechanism, only less than 10 percent of the aerosolized drug reaches the lungs (Smith and Goldman, 2012). The remaining drug gets deposited in the nebulization system or on the face or is lost to the surrounding regions. On the other hand upto 40 percent of the drug can be deposited in the lungs with metered dose inhalers. In infants and young children, the main difficulty in using metered dose inhalers is lack of coordination in triggering and inhaling the drug (Smith and Goldman, 2012). To overcome these aspects, spacers and masks are used. Spacers are able to eliminate the need for coordination in metered dose inhalers. The spacers have a valve "with the particular advantage of allowing aerosol to move out of the chamber at inhalation but holding particles in the chamber during exhalation" (Smith and Goldman, 2012). In this research essay, whether nebulizer or metered dose inhaler with spacer is a suitable method for administering albuterol therapy in children will be discussed through review of suitable literature. The research is made through PICO format and the steps involved in arriving at the evidence will be discussed. PICO Format When clinical decisions are made based on appropriate scientific evidence, it is nown as evidence-based practice. According to McKibbon (1998), "Evidence-based practice (EBP) is an approach to health care wherein health professionals use the best evidence possible, i.e. the most appropriate information available, to make clinical decisions for individual patients. EBP values, enhances and builds on clinical expertise, knowledge of disease mechanisms, and pathophysiology. It involves complex and conscientious decision-making based not only on the available evidence but also on patient characteristics, situations, and preferences." The most critical exercise for evidence-based practice is literature review. This can be done by approapriate search strategy and by creating a